Muri 2018, isoko rya gaze ya elegitoroniki ku isi yose y’umuzunguruko wageze kuri miliyari 4.512 z'amadolari ya Amerika, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 16%. Iterambere ryinshi ryinganda zidasanzwe za elegitoronike ya semiconductor hamwe nubunini bwisoko ryihutishije gahunda yo gusimbuza imbere gaze idasanzwe ya gaze!
Gazi ya electron ni iki?
Gazi ya elegitoronike bivuga ibikoresho byibanze bikoreshwa mugukora ibyuma bitwara imashanyarazi, icyerekezo kiboneye, diode itanga urumuri, izuba ryizuba nibindi bicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mugusukura, gutobora, gukora firime, doping nibindi bikorwa. Ibice byingenzi bikoreshwa muri gaze ya elegitoronike harimo inganda za elegitoroniki, imirasire yizuba, itumanaho rigendanwa, kugendesha imodoka hamwe na sisitemu y amajwi na videwo, icyogajuru, inganda za gisirikare nizindi nzego nyinshi.
Gazi idasanzwe ya elegitoronike irashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro birindwi ukurikije imiterere yimiti yabyo: silicon, arsenic, fosifore, boron, hydride yicyuma, halide nicyuma alkoxide. Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha mumuzunguruko uhuriweho, irashobora kugabanywamo gaze ya doping, gaze epitaxy, gaze yo gutera ion, gaze ya diode itanga urumuri, gaze ya gaze, gaze ya gaze ya gaze hamwe na gaze ya gaze. Hariho gaze zirenga 110 zidasanzwe zikoreshwa mu nganda ziciriritse, muri zo zirenga 30 zikoreshwa.
Mubisanzwe, inganda zitanga igice cya kabiri zigabanya imyuka muburyo bubiri: imyuka isanzwe na gaze idasanzwe. Muri byo, gaze ikoreshwa cyane yerekeza ku gutanga isoko kandi ikoresha gaze nyinshi, nka N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, n'ibindi. Gazi idasanzwe yerekeza kuri gaze zimwe na zimwe za chimique zikoreshwa mugikorwa cyo gukora semiconductor, nko kwagura, gutera inshinge, kuvanga, gukaraba, no gukora mask, aribyo twita gaze idasanzwe ya elegitoronike, nka NH2, B2, NH2, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, nibindi
Mubikorwa byose byakozwe ninganda ziciriritse, kuva gukura kwa chip kugeza kubikoresho byanyuma bipfunyika, hafi ya yose ihuza ntishobora gutandukana na gaze idasanzwe ya elegitoronike, hamwe na gaze itandukanye ikoreshwa nibisabwa byujuje ubuziranenge, bityo gaze ya elegitoronike ifite ibikoresho bya semiconductor. “Ibiryo”.
Mu myaka yashize, Ubushinwa bugizwe n’ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki nka semiconductor hamwe na paneli yerekana byiyongereye mu musaruro mushya, kandi harakenewe cyane gusimbuza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga ibikoresho bya shimi. Umwanya wa gaze ya elegitoronike mu nganda za semiconductor wagaragaye cyane. Inganda za elegitoroniki zo mu gihugu zizatangira iterambere ryihuse.
Gazi idasanzwe ya elegitoronike ifite ibisabwa cyane kugirango isukure, kubera ko niba ubuziranenge butujuje ibisabwa, amatsinda yanduye nkumwuka wamazi na ogisijeni muri gaze idasanzwe ya elegitoronike azahita akora firime ya oxyde hejuru yumurongo wa semiconductor, bigira ingaruka mubuzima bwa serivisi yibikoresho bya elegitoronike, kandi gaze idasanzwe ya elegitoronike irimo ibice byumwanda bishobora kwangiza imiyoboro ngufi ya sisitemu. Birashobora kuvugwa ko kuzamura isuku bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro no mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki.
Hamwe niterambere rikomeje ryinganda zinganda, inzira yo gukora chip ikomeje gutera imbere, none igeze kuri 5nm, iri hafi kugera kumupaka w amategeko ya Moore, ahwanye na kimwe cya makumyabiri cya diameter yumusatsi wumuntu (hafi 0.1 mm). Kubwibyo, ibi kandi bishyira hejuru ibisabwa hejuru yubuziranenge bwa gaze idasanzwe ya elegitoroniki ikorwa na semiconductor.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-15-2021
