Mu 2018, isoko ry’isi yose rya gaze y’ikoranabuhanga ku nsinga zihujwe ryageze kuri miliyari 4.512 z’amadolari y’Amerika, ubwiyongere bwa 16% buri mwaka. Umuvuduko wo hejuru w’inganda zikora gaze yihariye y’ikoranabuhanga ku nganda zikora semiconductors hamwe n’ingano nini y’isoko byihutishije gahunda yo gusimbuza gaze yihariye y’ikoranabuhanga imbere mu gihugu!
Gazi ya elegitoroniki ni iki?
Gazi y'ikoranabuhanga yerekeza ku bikoresho by'ibanze bikoreshwa mu gukora semiconductors, flat panel ecrans, diodes zitanga urumuri, solar cells n'ibindi bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu gusukura, gushushanya, gukora filime, gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana n'ibindi bikorwa. Inzego z'ingenzi zikoreshwa muri gaze y'ikoranabuhanga zirimo inganda z'ikoranabuhanga, solar cells, itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa, uburyo bwo kuyobora imodoka n'amajwi n'amashusho by'imodoka, indege, inganda za gisirikare n'izindi nzego nyinshi.
Gazi yihariye ya elegitoroniki ishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro birindwi hakurikijwe imiterere yayo ya shimi: silikoni, arseniki, fosifore, boroni, hydride y'icyuma, halide na alkoxide y'icyuma. Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikoresha mu miyoboro ihuriweho, ishobora kugabanywamo gaze yo gukoresha doping, gaze ya epitaxy, gaze yo gushyiramo ioni, gaze isohora urumuri, gaze yo gusya, gaze yo gushyiramo umwuka wa chemical vapor na gaze yo kuringaniza. Hari gaze zidasanzwe zirenga 110 zikoreshwa mu nganda za semiconductor, muri zo izirenga 30 zikunze gukoreshwa.
Muri rusange, inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor zigabanyamo ubwoko bubiri bw'imyuka: imyuka isanzwe n'imyuka yihariye. Muri zo, imyuka ikoreshwa cyane yerekeza ku isoko rusange kandi ikoresha gazi nyinshi, nka N2, H2, O2, Ar, He, nibindi. Imyuka yihariye yerekeza ku myuka imwe n'imwe ya shimi ikoreshwa mu gukora semiconductor, nko kongera imbaraga, gutera inshinge za ion, kuvanga, kumesa, no gukora mask, ari nabyo twita gazi yihariye ya elegitoroniki, nka SiH4, PH3, AsH3, B2H6, N2O, NH3, SF6, NF3, CF4, BCl3, BF3, HCl, Cl2, nibindi.
Mu gikorwa cyose cy’inganda zikora ibikoresho bya semiconductor, kuva ku gukura kwa chips kugeza ku gupakira ibikoresho bya nyuma, hafi ya buri santimetero ntishobora gutandukanywa na gaze yihariye y’ikoranabuhanga, hamwe n’ubwoko bwa gaze ikoreshwa ndetse n’ibikenewe mu bwiza, bityo gaze y’ikoranabuhanga ifite ibikoresho bya semiconductor. “Ibiryo”.
Mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibice by'ingenzi by'ikoranabuhanga mu Bushinwa nka semiconductors na ecran panels byiyongereye mu bushobozi bushya bwo gukora, kandi hari icyifuzo gikomeye cyo gusimbuza ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bya elegitoroniki. Aho imyuka y'ikoranabuhanga iherereye mu nganda za semiconductors byarushijeho kugaragara. Inganda za gaze y'ikoranabuhanga mu gihugu zizazana iterambere ryihuse.
Gazi yihariye ya elegitoroniki ifite ibisabwa byinshi kugira ngo isuku ibe nziza, kuko iyo isuku idahuye n'ibisabwa, amatsinda y'imyanda nk'umwuka w'amazi na ogisijeni muri gaze yihariye ya elegitoroniki azakora byoroshye filime ya okiside ku buso bwa semiconductor, ibyo bigira ingaruka ku buzima bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, kandi gaze yihariye ya elegitoroniki irimo uduce tw'imyanda dushobora gutera imiyoboro migufi ya semiconductor no kwangirika kwa circuit. Dushobora kuvuga ko kunoza isuku bigira uruhare runini mu musaruro no mu mikorere y'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga.
Kubera iterambere rikomeje ry’inganda za semiconductor, inzira yo gukora chips ikomeje gutera imbere, none ubu igeze kuri 5nm, igiye kwegera umupaka w’Itegeko rya Moore, ringana na kimwe cya makumyabiri cy’umurambararo w’umusatsi w’umuntu (hafi mm 0.1). Kubwibyo, ibi binashyira imbere ibisabwa byinshi ku isuku ya gaze yihariye y’ikoranabuhanga ikorwa n’aba semiconductors.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza 15-2021
