Mu gihe cy’ikinyejana kinini cy’izamuka ry’ingufu za karuboni n’igabanuka rya karuboni, ibihugu hirya no hino ku isi birimo gushaka ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ry’ingufu, n’ibidukikijeamoniyaIrimo kuba igihangange ku isi vuba aha. Ugereranyije na hydrogen, ammonia iri kwiyongera kuva ku ifumbire mvaruganda isanzwe ikoreshwa mu buhinzi ikagera ku ifumbire mvaruganda bitewe n'inyungu zayo zigaragara mu kubika no gutwara.

Faria, impuguke muri Kaminuza ya Twente mu Buholandi, yavuze ko kubera izamuka ry’ibiciro bya karuboni, ammonia y’icyatsi ishobora kuba umwami w’ejo hazaza w’ibikomoka kuri peteroli.

None se, amoniya y'icyatsi ni iki mu by'ukuri? Iterambere ryayo rihagaze gute? Ni ibihe bintu ikoreshwamo? Ese ihendutse?

Ammonia y'icyatsi kibisi n'uko iteye

Hydrogen ni yo fatizo nyamukuru ikoreshwa muamoniyaumusaruro. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hakurikijwe imyuka itandukanye ya karuboni mu ikorwa rya hydrogen, amoniya ishobora kandi gushyirwa mu byiciro bine bikurikira hakurikijwe ibara:

Imviamoniya: Bikozwe mu ngufu gakondo z'ibisigazwa by'ibinyabuzima (gaze karemano n'amakara).

Ammonia y'ubururu: Hydrogen mbisi ivanwa mu bikomoka kuri peteroli, ariko ikoranabuhanga ryo gufata no kubika karuboni rikoreshwa mu gutunganya.

Ammonia y'ubururu n'icyatsi kibisi: Uburyo bwo gushonga kwa methane butuma methane ihinduka hydrogen na carbone. Hydrogen yavuye muri ubwo buryo ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora ammonia hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi y'icyatsi kibisi.

Ammonia y'icyatsi: Amashanyarazi y'icyatsi akomoka ku ngufu zishobora kuvugururwa nk'umuyaga n'ingufu z'izuba akoreshwa mu gukurura amazi kugira ngo akore hydrogen, hanyuma ammonia igakorwa muri azote na hydrogen mu kirere.

Kubera ko ammonia y'icyatsi kibisi ikora azote n'amazi nyuma yo gushya, kandi ntikore dioxyde de carbone, ammonia y'icyatsi kibisi ifatwa nk'ibikomoka kuri peteroli "zero-carbon" kandi ikaba imwe mu masoko y'ingufu z'ingenzi zitangiza ibidukikije mu gihe kizaza.

Ibara ry'icyatsi ku isiamoniyaIsoko riracyari mu ntangiriro. Urebye ku isi yose, ingano y'isoko rya ammonia y'icyatsi kibisi ni miliyoni 36 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2021 kandi biteganijwe ko rizagera kuri miliyari 5.48 z'amadolari y'Amerika mu 2030, hamwe n'igipimo cy'izamuka ry'ibinyabutabire ku mwaka cya 74.8%, gifite ubushobozi bugaragara. Yundao Capital iteganya ko umusaruro wa ammonia y'icyatsi kibisi ku isi uzarenga toni miliyoni 20 mu 2030 ukarenga toni miliyoni 560 mu 2050, bingana na 80% by'umusaruro wa ammonia ku isi.

Guhera muri Nzeri 2023, imishinga irenga 60 ya ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi yamaze gushyirwa ku isi yose, hamwe n’ubushobozi bwo gukora toni zirenga miliyoni 35 ku mwaka. Imishinga ya ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi yo mu mahanga ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane muri Ositaraliya, Amerika y’Epfo, i Burayi no mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati.

Kuva mu 2024, inganda za ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi mu Bushinwa zateye imbere vuba. Dukurikije imibare ituzuye, kuva mu 2024, imishinga irenga 20 ya ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi ya hydrogen yatejwe imbere. Envision Technology Group, China Energy Construction, State Power Investment Corporation, State Energy Group, n'abandi bashoye hafi miliyari 200 z'amayuan mu guteza imbere imishinga ya ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi, izasohora ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi mu gihe kizaza.

Imiterere y'ikoreshwa rya amoniya y'icyatsi kibisi

Nk'ingufu zisukuye, ammonia y'icyatsi ifite uburyo butandukanye bwo kuyikoresha mu gihe kizaza. Uretse ikoreshwa gakondo mu buhinzi n'inganda, irimo kandi kuvanga ingufu z'amashanyarazi, lisansi yo mu bwoko bwa lisansi, gushyiramo karuboni, kubika hydrogen n'ibindi bikorwa.

1. Inganda zikora ubwikorezi

Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu bwato bingana na 3% kugeza kuri 4% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu bwato bingana na 3% kugeza kuri 4% by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi. Mu 2018, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Imari yo mu Nyanja washyizeho ingamba z’ibanze zo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, uvuga ko mu 2030, ibyuka bihumanya ikirere biva mu bwato ku isi bizaba byagabanutseho nibura 40% ugereranije no mu 2008, kandi bigaharanira kugabanukaho 70% bitarenze 2050. Kugira ngo hagerwe ku kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ikirere no gukuraho ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu nganda zitwara indege, ibikomoka kuri peteroli bisukuye bisimbura ingufu za kera ni bwo buryo bwiza cyane bwo mu rwego rwa tekiniki.

Muri rusange, mu nganda zikora ubwikorezi bw'ubwato, bikemerwa ko ammonia y'icyatsi ari imwe mu nganda zikoresha ingufu nyinshi mu gukuraho karubone mu nganda zikora ubwikorezi bw'ubwato mu gihe kizaza.

Igitabo cy’Ubwikorezi cya Lloyd cyigeze guhanura ko hagati ya 2030 na 2050, igipimo cya ammonia nk’ibikomoka ku mavuta yo mu bwoko bwa lisansi kiziyongera kuva kuri 7% kikagera kuri 20%, gisimbura gaze karemano n’ibindi bikomoka ku mavuta kugira ngo bibe lisansi y’ingenzi cyane yo mu bwoko bwa lisansi.

2. Inganda zikora amashanyarazi

AmoniyaGutwika ntibitanga CO2, kandi gutwika bivanze na ammonia bishobora gukoresha uruganda rukoresha amakara rusanzweho nta mpinduka zikomeye ku mubiri w'icyuma gishyushya. Ni uburyo bwiza bwo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya karuboni mu nganda zikoresha amakara.

Ku ya 15 Nyakanga, Komisiyo y’Igihugu Ishinzwe Iterambere n’Ivugurura n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Ingufu za Leta basohoye "Gahunda y’Ibikorwa byo Guhindura no Kubaka Ingufu z’Amakara mu Buryo Buto (2024-2027)", batanze igitekerezo cy’uko nyuma yo guhindura no kubaka, amashanyarazi y’amakara agomba kuba afite ubushobozi bwo kuvanga arenga 10% bya amoniya y’icyatsi kibisi no gutwika amakara. Igipimo cy’ikoreshwa n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kiragabanuka cyane. Bigaragara ko kuvanga amoniya cyangwa amoniya y’umwimerere mu ngufu z’ubushyuhe ari icyerekezo cy’ingenzi cya tekiniki cyo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu ngufu zitanga ingufu.

Ubuyapani ni ikigo gikomeye giteza imbere ingufu zikomoka ku binyabiziga bivanze na ammonia. Ubuyapani bwashyizeho "Inzira ya Ammonia Fuel Roadmap ya 2021-2050 mu Buyapani" mu 2021, kandi buzarangiza kwerekana no kugenzura 20% by'amavuta ya ammonia avanze mu nganda zitanga ingufu zishyuha bitarenze 2025; uko ikoranabuhanga rya ammonia rigenda rikura, iki gipimo kiziyongera kigere ku kigero kirenga 50%; ahagana mu 2040, hazubakwa uruganda rutanga ingufu za ammonia rudafite amonia.

3. Imodoka itwara ububiko bwa hydrogen

Amoniya ikoreshwa nk'ububiko bwa hydrogen, kandi igomba kunyura mu nzira zo gukora ammonia, gushonga, gutwara no kongera gukuramo hydrogen irimo imyuka. Uburyo bwose bwo guhindura ammonia na hydrogen buba bumaze gukura.

Kugeza ubu, hari uburyo butandatu bw'ingenzi bwo kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen: kubika no gutwara imyuka ya silinda ifite umuvuduko mwinshi, gutwara imyuka ikoresha umuyoboro w'amazi, kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen mu bushyuhe buke, kubika no gutwara imyuka ya organic, kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen mu mazi, no kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen ikomeye mu byuma. Muri byo, kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen ni ugukura imyuka ya hydrogen binyuze mu gukora amoniya, kuyihinduramo amazi, kuyitwara no kuyihinduramo umwuka. Amoniya irashwanyagurika kuri -33°C cyangwa 1MPa. Ikiguzi cya hydrogenation/dehydrogenation kirenga 85%. Ntabwo ireba intera yo gutwara kandi ikwiriye mu kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen mu ntera iringaniye n'irerure, cyane cyane iyo mu nyanja. Ni bumwe mu buryo bwiza bwo kubika no gutwara imyuka ya hydrogen mu gihe kizaza.

4. Ibikoresho fatizo bya shimi

Nk'ifumbire y'icyatsi kibisi ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora imiti y'icyatsi kibisi, icyatsi kibisiamoniyabizateza imbere cyane iterambere ryihuse ry’inganda zikora nk’ingufu zikomoka ku “ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi + ifumbire mvaruganda” n’inganda zikora nk’ingufu zikomoka ku “ammonia y’icyatsi kibisi”.

Ugereranyije na ammonia ikoze mu nganda zikomoka ku bisigazwa by’ibinyabuzima, byitezwe ko ammonia y’icyatsi itazashobora guhangana neza nk’ibikoresho fatizo bya shimi mbere ya 2035.